@article{Gocer_I-2023_172055,
title = {The necessity of new versions of bilateral trade balances and COVID-19: the nonlinear ARDL approach for the USA and Japan},
author = {Gocer, I. and Ongan, S. and Karamelikli, H. and Rarick, C.},
month = {nov},
year = {2023},
abstract = {This study aims to reveal the need to reformulate new forms of Bilateral Trade Balances (BTBs) for a country rather than a traditional BTB. This is because the traditional BTB ratio, based on total exports and defined as the total exports/total imports ratio, cannot classify and quantify a BTB based on its economic impact content. It fails to classify because countries also export goods already imported (denotes re-export) besides exporting their domestic goods produced within the country (denotes domestic export). It also fails to quantify because, while domestic goods undergo a value-added process within a country, re-exported goods do not. In this context, for the first time, this study attempts to reformulate/reinvestigate new forms of BTBs as production-related BTB, based on domestic export and non-production-related BTB, based on re-export for the USA with Japan. Empirical findings confirm the necessity and cruciality of the proposed methodology in this study. JEL Codes: F10, F14.},
journal = {Foreign Trade Review},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00157325231192180},
}
