@article{Gebremicael_G-2025_215345,
title = {Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater during periods of low clinical case surveillance in Ethiopia},
author = {Gebremicael, G. and Dinssa, D. and Gebreegziabxier, A. and Mengistu, Y. and Getu, M. and Chalchisa, D. and Berhanu, G. and Mulugeta, F. and Melese, D. and Norberg, A. and Snyder, S. and Abubeker, R. and Abdela, S. and Kebede, A. and Ali, A. and Tessema, S. and de Wit, T. and Tadesse, G. and Kebede, Y. and Hailu, M. and Tessema, M. and Hull, N. and Tollera, G. and Wolday, D.},
month = {jul},
year = {2025},
abstract = {Wastewater-based genomic surveillance is a cost-effective approach for tracking outbreaks like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A 2023 study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, revealed two infection waves in March and August, with the latter undetected by clinical surveillance. This study analyzed the viral spread and evolution in the population during periods of low reported cases. Viral concentration was performed following the Ceres Technology protocol, and RNA was extracted using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit. Quantitative PCR was performed using the TaqPath COVID-19 Kit. Samples with cycle threshold values ≤32 were used for sequencing. Library preparation and sequencing were performed using the Illumina COVIDSeq protocol, and data analysis was conducted using the Freyja pipeline on Terra.bio. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater began rising on 6 March 2023, peaking on 16 March 2023, before declining until early May 2023. A resurgence occurred from 3 to 21 August 2023. In March 2023, XBB.1.5 (34%), XBB* (20%), and CH.1.1 (15%) were dominant. By April–May 2023, XBB.1.5 rose to 51% but declined to 14% in June 2023, while XBB* increased to 41%. In August 2023, XBB* (52%) and XBB.1.5 (31%) co-dominated. Key spike protein mutations (G142D, V213G, T478K, S494P, S477N) correlated with higher viral loads. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 reveals seasonal and behavioral transmission patterns. A March peak linked to XBB.1.5 and XBB* saw XBB.1.5 dominance through May 2023, later declining. An August 2023 resurgence with XBB* co-dominance suggests viral evolution and waning immunity. Key spike mutations correlate with higher viral loads, emphasizing wastewater surveillance’s predictive value.},
volume = {10},
issue = {8},
journal = {mSphere},
publisher = {ASM Journals},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00229-25},
}
