TY - JOUR
AU - Kissling, Esther
AU - Nunes, Baltazar
AU - Hooiveld, Mariëtte
AU - Martínez-Baz, Iván
AU - Monge, Susana
AU - Robertson, Chris
AU - Knol, Mirjam J.
AU - Sève, Noémie
AU - Mlinarić, Ivan
AU - Domegan, Lisa
AU - Machado, Ausenda
AU - Whitaker, Heather
AU - Lazar, Mihaela
AU - Meijer, Adam
AU - Enkirch, Theresa
AU - Casado, Itziar
AU - Pérez-Gimeno, Gloria
AU - William, Naoma
AU - Enouf, Vincent
AU - Filipović, Sanja Kurečić
AU - McKenna, Adele
AU - Rodrigues, Ana Paula
AU - de Lusignan, Simon
AU - Timnea, Olivia-Carmen
AU - Latorre-Margalef, Neus
AU - Castilla, Jesús
AU - Pozo, Francisco
AU - Hamilton, Mark
AU - Masse, Shirley
AU - Ilić, Maja
AU - Basile, Luca
AU - O'Donnell, Joan
AU - Guiomar, Raquel
AU - Riess, Maximilian
AU - Popescu, Rodica-Manuela
AU - Rose, Angela M C
AU - Andrews, Nick
AU - Bacci, Sabrina
AU - Celentano, Lucia Pastore
AU - Valenciano, Marta
AU - Moren, Alain
AU - Beutels, Philippe
AU - Hens, Niel
AU - I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC Primary Care Study Teams
PY - 2026
DA - March
TI - Recommendations for estimating and reporting vaccine effectiveness by time since vaccination: a COVID-19 case study (1)
JO - American Journal of Epidemiology
EP - 1119
VL - 195
IS - 4
DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaf254
AB - Estimating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) by time since vaccination (TSV) is essential for understanding how protection may change over time and enables meaningful comparisons across studies. This is important for accurate comparisons of VE against different SARS-CoV-2 variants/sublineages, across age groups, during different periods post vaccination campaign, or by vaccine type/brand. We provide recommendations for case–control VE studies on estimating and reporting VE analyses by TSV, with the aim of improving quality of these estimates. Our recommendations cover study design and pre-analysis considerations, descriptive analyses, choice of categories of TSV, categorical and continuous modeling approaches, and best practices for reporting VE by TSV. Using a real-life case–control study, we apply these recommendations and include accompanying statistical scripts in R and Stata. These recommendations will serve as a practical resource for researchers conducting VE analyses by TSV. We encourage ongoing refinement of them through input from other study groups.
PB - Oxford University Press
UR - https://publichealthscotland.scot/id/228440
KW - Coronavirus (COVID-19)
KW - Immunisation and screening
ER