@article{Pirkis_J-2021_26704,
title = {Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: interrupted time series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries},
author = {Pirkis, J. and John, A. and Shin, S. and DelPozo-Banos, M. and Arya, V. and Aguilar, P. and Appleby, L. and Arensman, E. and Bantjes, J. and Baran, A. and Bertolote, J. and Borges, G. and Brečić, P. and Caine, E. and Castelpietra, G. and Chang, S. and Colchester, D. and Crompton, D. and Curkovic, M. and Deisenhammer, E. and Du, C. and Dwyer, J. and Erlangsen, A. and Faust, J. and Fortune, S. and Garrett, A. and George, D. and Gerstner, R. and Gilissen, R. and Gould, M. and Hawton, K. and Kanter, J. and Kapur, N. and Khan, M. and Kirtley, O. and Knipe, D. and Kõlves, K. and Leske, S. and Marahatta, K. and Mittendorfer-Rutz, E. and Neznanov, N. and Niederkrotenthaler, T. and Nielsen, E. and Nordentoft, M. and Oberlerchner, H. and O'Connor, R. and Pearson, M. and Phillips, M. and Platt, S. and Plener, P. and Psota, G. and Qin, P. and Radeloff, D. and Rados, C. and Reif, A. and Reif-Leonhard, C. and Rozanov, V. and Schlang, C. and Schneider, B. and Semenova, N. and Sinyor, M. and Townsend, E. and Ueda, M. and Vijayakumar, L. and Webb, R. and Weerasinghe, M. and Zalsman, G. and Gunnell, D. and Spittal, M.},
month = {apr},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having profound mental health consequences for many people. Concerns have been expressed that, at their most extreme, these consequences could manifest as increased suicide rates. We aimed to assess the early effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates around the world. Methods: We sourced real-time suicide data from countries or areas within countries through a systematic internet search and recourse to our networks and the published literature. Between Sept 1 and Nov 1, 2020, we searched the official websites of these countries’ ministries of health, police agencies, and government-run statistics agencies or equivalents, using the translated search terms “suicide” and “cause of death”, before broadening the search in an attempt to identify data through other public sources. Data were included from a given country or area if they came from an official government source and were available at a monthly level from at least Jan 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020. Our internet searches were restricted to countries with more than 3 million residents for pragmatic reasons, but we relaxed this rule for countries identified through the literature and our networks. Areas within countries could also be included with populations of less than 3 million. We used an interrupted time-series analysis to model the trend in monthly suicides before COVID-19 (from at least Jan 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020) in each country or area within a country, comparing the expected number of suicides derived from the model with the observed number of suicides in the early months of the pandemic (from April 1 to July 31, 2020, in the primary analysis). Findings: We sourced data from 21 countries (16 high-income and five upper-middle-income countries), including whole-country data in ten countries and data for various areas in 11 countries). Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs based on the observed versus expected numbers of suicides showed no evidence of a significant increase in risk of suicide since the pandemic began in any country or area. There was statistical evidence of a decrease in suicide compared with the expected number in 12 countries or areas: New South Wales, Australia (RR 0·81 [95% CI 0·72–0·91]); Alberta, Canada (0·80 [0·68–0·93]); British Columbia, Canada (0·76 [0·66–0·87]); Chile (0·85 [0·78–0·94]); Leipzig, Germany (0·49 [0·32–0·74]); Japan (0·94 [0·91–0·96]); New Zealand (0·79 [0·68–0·91]); South Korea (0·94 [0·92–0·97]); California, USA (0·90 [0·85–0·95]); Illinois (Cook County), USA (0·79 [0·67–0·93]); Texas (four counties), USA (0·82 [0·68–0·98]); and Ecuador (0·74 [0·67–0·82]). Interpretation: This is the first study to examine suicides occurring in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in multiple countries. In high-income and upper-middle-income countries, suicide numbers have remained largely unchanged or declined in the early months of the pandemic compared with the expected levels based on the pre-pandemic period. We need to remain vigilant and be poised to respond if the situation changes as the longer-term mental health and economic effects of the pandemic unfold.},
pages = {579-588},
volume = {8},
issue = {7},
journal = { Lancet Psychiatry},
publisher = {Elsevier},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00091-2},
}
