@article{Knight_S-2021_60001,
title = {Prospective validation of the 4C prognostic models for adults hospitalised with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol},
author = {Knight, S. and Gupta, R. and Ho, A. and Pius, R. and Buchan, I. and Carson, G. and Drake, T. and Dunning, J. and Fairfield, C. and Gamble, C. and Green, C. and Halpin, S. and Hardwick, H. and Holden, K. and Horby, P. and Jackson, C. and McLean, K. and Merson, L. and Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. and Norman, L. and Olliaro, P. and Pritchard, M. and Russell, C. and Shaw, C. and Sheikh, A. and Solomon, T. and Sudlow, C. and Swann, O. and Turtle, L. and Openshaw, P. and Baillie, J. and Docherty, A. and Semple, M. and Noursadeghi, M. and Harrison, E.},
month = {nov},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Purpose: To prospectively validate two risk scores to predict mortality (4C Mortality) and in-hospital deterioration (4C Deterioration) among adults hospitalised with COVID-19. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study of adults (age ≥18 years) with confirmed or highly suspected COVID-19 recruited into the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study in 306 hospitals across England, Scotland and Wales. Patients were recruited between 27 August 2020 and 17 February 2021, with at least 4 weeks follow-up before final data extraction. The main outcome measures were discrimination and calibration of models for in-hospital deterioration (defined as any requirement of ventilatory support or critical care, or death) and mortality, incorporating predefined subgroups. Results: 76 588 participants were included, of whom 27 352 (37.4%) deteriorated and 12 581 (17.4%) died. Both the 4C Mortality (0.78 (0.77 to 0.78)) and 4C Deterioration scores (pooled C-statistic 0.76 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.77)) demonstrated consistent discrimination across all nine National Health Service regions, with similar performance metrics to the original validation cohorts. Calibration remained stable (4C Mortality: pooled slope 1.09, pooled calibration-in-the-large 0.12; 4C Deterioration: 1.00, –0.04), with no need for temporal recalibration during the second UK pandemic wave of hospital admissions. Conclusion: Both 4C risk stratification models demonstrate consistent performance to predict clinical deterioration and mortality in a large prospective second wave validation cohort of UK patients. Despite recent advances in the treatment and management of adults hospitalised with COVID-19, both scores can continue to inform clinical decision making.},
pages = {606-615},
volume = {77},
issue = {6},
journal = {Thorax},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217629},
}
