Description

This indicator provides a summary of the drug trend bulletin from the Police Scotland Statement of Opinion (STOP) Unit.

Data source(s)

Police Scotland STOP Unit

Date that data were acquired

9 January 2024

Timeframe of data and timeliness

This section includes the most notable drug trends in recent months.

Continuity of data

The Police Scotland drug-trend bulletins are designed to provide drug-trend information, highlighting some of the current trends identified by the police in Scotland and other parts of the UK. The bulletin has and will evolve through time to provide timely distribution of drug-related information.

Concepts and definitions

MDMA: a stimulant drug that produces feelings of empathy and euphoria. It is commonly found in tablet or crystal forms.

2-CB: a psychedelic drug with stimulant effects.

'Tusi': a pre-mixed combination of drugs, often containing drugs such as MDMA, 2-CB, LSD, ketamine, cathinones and cocaine, mixed with pink food colouring.

Nitrous oxide: a clear, colourless gas that gives short-lasting dissociative effects. It is sometimes known as laughing gas.

Completeness

The Police Scotland drug trend bulletin highlights some of the current trends identified by the police in Scotland and other parts of the UK.

Value type and unit of measurement

Police seizures positive for controlled substances displayed as drug type.

Description

This indicator provides a summary of the drug reports received by RADAR.

Data source(s)

Public Health Scotland

Date that data were acquired

Various between 5 October 2023 and 4 January 2024. Data were collated on 17 January 2024.

Timeframe of data and timeliness

This section includes the most notable drug trends in recent months.

Continuity of data

Since July 2022, data in this indicator have been collected consistently using reporting forms and email. The indicator has and will continue to evolve throug h time to provide timely distribution of drug-related information.

Accuracy

Analysis on the reports received (such as number and type) are considered to be accurate. The individual reports have been validated to check their credibility and likelihood. Reports that we were unable to validate are not shown in this indicator.

Reports accurately represent the individual submissions made, although they have been summarised to ensure anonymity. Unless otherwise specified, these reports have not been confirmed by toxicology and should be considered anecdotal.

Concepts and definitions

Cocaine is a short-lasting stimulant drug. Cocaine powder and crack cocaine are two different forms of the same drug.

Benzodiazepines are depressant drugs with sedative and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. They are also known as tranquilisers.

Pregabalin is a gabapentinoid drug with depressant effects. It can be prescribed as a medicine to treat epilepsy and nerve pain.

Nitazenes are a group of potent synthetic opioids.

Heroin is an opioid drug usually found as a brown powder.

Xylazine is a depressant drug used in veterinary medicine with sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.

Completeness

The indicator highlights report by area: National, North Scotland, East Scotland and West Scotland. Reports received are not representative of the level of harms in an area.

Value type and unit of measurement

Report number, type of report, drug appearance and report summary are displayed by NHS board or local authority area.

Description

This indicator provides information on emergency naloxone administration by Scottish Ambulance Service (SAS) clinicians in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Scottish Ambulance Service

Date that data were acquired

4 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

6 September 2021 to 3 December 2023, approximately two months in arrears.

Continuity of data

SAS clinicians have been administering naloxone directly to patients experiencing symptoms of an opioid overdose since around 1998. There have been no changes in the guidance given to SAS clinicians regarding the administration of naloxone nor in the recording mechanisms or processes over the time series shown in the analysis.

Scotland's National Naloxone Programme has been operational since 2011 and continues to facilitate the supply of take-home naloxone to people at risk of opioid overdose, members of the public, service workers and professionals (PHS quarterly monitoring bulletin on naloxone). Since August 2023, all Police Scotland officers below the rank of Inspector have carried naloxone. Naloxone kits are also available on all emergency vehicles operated by the Scottish Fire & Rescue Service (SFRS).

This overall increase in the supply of naloxone kits in community settings should be taken into consideration when interpreting figures on the administration of naloxone by SAS clinicians. However, it cannot be assumed that changes in the amount of naloxone supplied to members of the public or other emergency services will result in comparable changes in the amount of naloxone administered by those individuals (kits obtained in case an opioid overdose is witnessed may remain unused). Data on the use of naloxone by Police Scotland officers are available on the Police Scotland website. Currently, no national data are available on naloxone administration by members of the public or SFRS staff.

As overdose awareness training guidelines clearly state that SAS clinicians should be called to opioid overdoses regardless of whether naloxone has already been administered by a third party, it cannot be assumed that the prior administration of naloxone will influence the likelihood of SAS clinicians attending an overdose or administering a further dose of naloxone. While it cannot be assumed that the SAS naloxone administration figures presented here provide a complete count of all opioid overdoses, the number of opioid overdoses not attended by SAS was unknown.

Concepts and definitions

Naloxone is a medicine used to prevent fatal opioid overdoses. Opioid overdoses are commonly associated with drug-related deaths. These data on the numbers of incidents in which naloxone was administered by SAS clinicians provide an indication of numbers of suspected opioid overdoses.

A small percentage of these administrations will have been due to circumstances other than an illicit opioid overdose (for example, some may relate to prescribed opioid overdoses or to adverse reactions associated with medications administered in the course of emergency treatment).

Also, in a small number of cases, naloxone may be administered to someone who is unconscious for unconfirmed reasons, which may be confirmed at a later point not to have been an opioid overdose.

While these data count multiple overdose patients at the same incident separately, multiple naloxone administrations to the same patient at the same incident are not counted separately.

Under some circumstances, naloxone administration will not successfully reverse an opioid overdose (for example, if administered too late) and these statistics should not be interpreted as equating to numbers of lives saved.

Completeness

SAS data on numbers of naloxone incidents are collated from data entered by ambulance clinicians recording medications administered to patients via an electronic tablet in the vehicle. Data recording is typically completed within 30 minutes of the end of an incident.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of incidents in which naloxone was administered by SAS clinicians and moving averages.

Description

This indicator provides information on drug overdose or intoxication attendances at emergency departments in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Public Health Scotland – Accident & Emergency Datamart

Date that data were acquired

8 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

30 August 2021 and 3 December 2023, approximately two months in arrears.

Continuity of data

There have been no changes in the national recording mechanisms or processes over the time series shown in the analysis.

Concepts and definitions

A drug–related emergency department (ED) attendance is an attendance for a drug intoxication or overdose, either alone, or combined with alcohol intoxication.

Completeness

It is not possible to accurately report total attendances for specific conditions using the national A&E dataset, due to the quality of the data available. The diagnosis or reason for attendance can be recorded in a variety of ways, including in free text fields and not all NHS boards submit this information. The numbers presented in this report therefore only give a high–level indication of attendances over time. Further details can be found in the Accident and Emergency Activity Data.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of drug overdose or intoxication attendances at emergency departments and moving averages.

Description

This indicator provides information on drug-related acute hospital admissions in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Public Health Scotland – Scottish Morbidity Record – general, acute inpatient and day case records (SMR01)

Date that data were acquired

8 January 2024

Timeframe of data and timeliness

28 June 2021 to 1 October 2023, approximately four months in arrears.

Continuity of data

There have been no changes in the recording mechanisms or processes over the time series shown in the analysis. Further detail can be found in the 'Drug-related hospital statistics' publication background information.

Concepts and definitions

Opioids       

Opioid drugs act on opioid receptors to produce sedative and painkilling effects. They are respiratory depressants (reduce heart rate and breathing). Opioids include synthetic (lab-made) drugs such as methadone and buprenorphine, as well as opiates (drugs made from opium) such as heroin and morphine.

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system. They are found in the cannabis plant (such as THC) or can be produced synthetically in a laboratory (synthetic cannabinoids).

Cocaine

Cocaine is a short-lasting stimulant drug that increases heart rate and breathing. This group includes powder cocaine and crack cocaine.

Sedatives and hypnotics

Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that induce sedation and depress the central nervous system, which also decreases heart rate and breathing. They are also known as depressants. This group of drugs includes 'prescribable' benzodiazepines (drugs such as diazepam), 'street' benzodiazepines (such as etizolam and alprazolam) and z-hypnotics (such as zopiclone).

Multiple/other

The 'multiple/other' drugs category includes volatile solvents (such as glue, gases or aerosols) and multiple drug use. This category may also be used to indicate multiple drug use when individual substances are not known or cannot be coded using existing diagnosis codes (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision – ICD10).

Completeness

The data is routinely drawn from hospital administrative systems and ICD10 diagnosis codes used to identify admissions related to drug use. Some caution is necessary when using these data as drug use may only be suspected and may not always be recorded by the hospital. Further details can be found in the PHS drug-related hospital statistics report, and information on hospital administrative systems (Scottish Morbidity Records ­– SMR) data completeness can be found on the 'SMR completeness' webpage.

Completeness levels for NHS Fife and Highland were below 90% as of 8 January 2024 for the most recent time period (July to September 2023), therefore caution is advised when interpreting trends in these areas on the dashboard.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of inpatient and day case admissions to general acute hospitals (excluding maternity, neonatal, geriatric long stay and admissions to psychiatric hospitals), presented by month of admission with moving averages.

Description

This indicator provides information on suspected drug deaths in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Police Scotland

Date that data were acquired

11 January 2024

Timeframe of data and timeliness

30 August 2021 to 26 November 2023, approximately two months in arrears.

Continuity of data

There have been no changes in the national Police Scotland recording mechanisms or processes over the time series shown in the analysis.

Concepts and definitions

Drug-related death

A drug-related death (also referred to as drug-misuse death) is a death where the underlying cause was confirmed to be drug poisoning and where any of the substances which were implicated, or potentially contributed to death, are controlled in the UK. National Statistics on drug-related deaths are published by the National Records of Scotland (NRS).

Suspected drug death

A suspected drug death is a death where controlled drugs are suspected of being involved. This operational measure used by Police Scotland is based on the reports, observations and initial enquiries of officers attending the scene of death.

Completeness

This indicator includes data on suspected drug deaths as recorded by all Police Scotland Divisions across Scotland.

Value type and unit of measurement

Numbers of suspected drug deaths in Scotland and moving averages.

Description

This indicator provides information on the number of attendances, length of stay and toxicology of presentations due to acute illicit drug toxicity at the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (QEUH) emergency department (ED), Glasgow, Scotland. This study assesses the feasibility of prospective surveillance of ED presentations due to acute illicit drug toxicity.

Data source(s)

QEUH, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde

Date that data were acquired

16 January 2024

Timeframe of data and timeliness

17 August 2022 to 16 November 2023, approximately two months in arrears.

Continuity of data

'ASSIST: A Surveillance Study of Illicit Substance Toxicity' is a study by the ED at the QEUH.

QEUH will provide Public Health Scotland with toxicology screening data on a quarterly and ad-hoc basis for the purposes of public health surveillance.

Because the sample size is small, some of the variables are combined in a different way to the data shared in previous releases of the RADAR quarterly report, to ensure the information are not disclosive. Categories may be revised in future as sample size increases.

Concepts and definitions

Unique ED attendances

Each separate attendance is a count of one. If the same person presented more than once, each attendance was counted.

Illicit drug

'Illicit drug' encompasses any substance that is a controlled drug as per the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. It excludes legal substances such as alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and paracetamol, as well as medications recently prescribed to the individual or drugs administered to the individual as part of treatment (by ambulance or hospital).

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs with depressant and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. They are also known as tranquilisers.

Metabolite

A drug metabolite is a compound produced when a drug breaks down in the body.

In this study, if either a drug or metabolite are detected, this will only be included as one substance – the drug. For example, if both diazepam and its metabolite desmethyldiazepam are detected, only diazepam is recorded.

Due to this we are unable to ascertain the source of some substances, for example, oxazepam is a benzodiazepine, but it is also a metabolite of a range of other benzodiazepines, so we cannot determine whether oxazepam or another benzodiazepine was consumed.

Cocaine

Cocaine is a short-lasting stimulant drug that increases heart rate and breathing.

Gabapentinoids

Gabapentinoids are a group of drugs with depressant and painkilling effects.

Opioids

Opioid drugs act on opioid receptors to produce sedative and painkilling effects. They are respiratory depressants (reduce heart rate and breathing).

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system. They are found in the cannabis plant (such as THC) or can be produced synthetically in a laboratory (synthetic cannabinoids).

Other stimulants

Other stimulants are stimulant drugs apart from cocaine. They increase heart rate, breathing and energy.

Completeness

Not all data identified for all ED attendances is available for analysis, due to the time required to send and receive toxicology results and to link patient and clinical data. A differing proportion of the total attendances recruited for this study are available for each of the data sources:

• completed clinical notes made by research nurses (Castor)
• completed electronic clinical records (West of Scotland Safe Haven)
• toxicology results
• toxicology results with corresponding clinical (Castor) notes

Toxicology testing has been carried out by the LGC Group, formerly the Laboratory of the Government Chemist. LGC screen against a database of over 3,500 chemical substances including illicit drugs, novel psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, benzodiazepines and medications. This analysis does not, however, imply that specific drugs were implicated in harms.

This study includes patients aged 16 or over attending QEUH adult ED directly related to acute illicit drug use. It excludes patients where the condition is more likely due to a cause other than acute illicit drug use, due to withdrawal, primarily related to alcohol use or where the attendance is due to a complication of previous drug use, i.e. infected injection site.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of ED attendances related to illicit drug use, destination on discharge from the ED, number of hours in the ED, number of hours in hospital, toxicology results of surplus serum sampling by drug type and drug category.

Description

This indicator provides information on forensic toxicology testing for controlled substances completed at post-mortem in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Forensic Toxicology Service within Forensic Medicine and Science (FMS), University of Glasgow, on behalf of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service (COPFS).

Other laboratory testing sites in the United Kingdom, outsourced by the Scottish Police Authority (SPA) Forensic Services.

The Department of Clinical Biochemistry at NHS Grampian, on behalf of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service (COPFS).

Date that data were acquired

4 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

Between 1 January 2020 and July to September (complete period for 1 July to 31 August 2023, with inclusion of available partial data for September 2023), approximately three months in arrears.

Continuity of data

PHS was provided with post-mortem toxicology testing data for deaths occurring in the west, east and parts of the north of Scotland by Forensic Medicine and Science at the University of Glasgow and SPA FS.

In late 2022, post-mortem toxicology services for the west, east and parts of the north of Scotland were transferred from the University of Glasgow to the Scottish Police Authority Forensic Services (SPA FS). During the period of transition, tests were completed by other laboratory testing sites in the UK. Although testing has now been moved to SPA FS, these testing sites continued to provide support in 2023 and data from both SPA FS and outsourced sites have been included in this report.

Data on deaths occurring in the far north and north-east of Scotland from January 2022 onwards, was supplied by the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at NHS Grampian.

For the first time in a RADAR quarterly report, data are available for the whole of Scotland. Previous reports only included data on deaths in the west, east and parts of the north of Scotland (the areas covered by SPA FS). The inclusion of data on deaths in the far north and north-east of Scotland (the areas covered by NHS Grampian) from January 2022 onwards, means that the figures presented after that point cover the whole of Scotland and are different from those shown in previous publications.

Concepts and definitions

Post-mortem toxicology testing where controlled drugs (as defined in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - external website) were detected is carried out, on behalf of the COPFS, by two services in Scotland:

• The Scottish Police Authority Forensic Services (SPA FS) covers deaths occurring in the west, east and parts of the north of Scotland.
• The Department of Clinical Biochemistry at NHS Grampian covers deaths in the far north and north-east of Scotland.

Detailed interpretation of the levels of drugs found present, drug interactions, co–morbidities or other factors relating to death are outside the scope of this analysis.

This analysis does not imply that specific drugs were implicated in deaths nor that deaths were classified as 'drug–related' and does not include consideration of wider causes of death.

As some of the data received from other laboratory testing sites did not include date of death, other date variables have been used as a proxy to improve data completeness and enable the inclusion of these deaths within this report. Two separate date variables have been used to approximate date of death information, where this information was unavailable:

1. Date of the case being received or sent to other labs for toxicology testing.
2. Date of toxicology test being completed.

Similarly, as date of death was unavailable for those tests conducted by the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at NHS Grampian, the date when the case was received from the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service has been used instead.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs with depressant and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. They are also known as tranquilisers. Diazepam is a ‘prescribable benzodiazepine’. Etizolam, clonazolam and bromazolam are ‘street benzos’, benzodiazepines that are not licensed for prescription in the UK.

Cocaine

Cocaine is a short-lasting stimulant drug that increases heart rate and breathing. This group includes powder cocaine and crack cocaine.

Gabapentin and pregabalin

Gabapentin and pregabalin are gabapentinoids, a group of drugs with depressant and painkilling effects.

Opioids

Opioid drugs act on opioid receptors to produce sedative and painkilling effects. They are respiratory depressants (reduce heart rate and breathing). This category includes buprenorphine, fentanyl, heroin/morphine and methadone.

Completeness

For the first time in a RADAR quarterly report, data are available for the whole of Scotland. Previous reports only included data on deaths in the west, east and parts of the north of Scotland (the areas covered by SPA FS). The inclusion of data on deaths in the far north and north-east of Scotland (the areas covered by NHS Grampian) from January 2022 onwards, means that the figures presented after that point cover the whole of Scotland and are different from those shown in previous publications.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number and percentage of forensic toxicology cases testing positive for controlled substances by drug type.

Description

This indicator provides information on drug types most commonly detected in drug seizures in Scottish prisons.

Data source(s)

Scottish Prison Service (SPS) and the Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science (LRCFS), University of Dundee.

Date that data were acquired

12 September 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

1 April 2021 and 31 July 2023, approximately three months in arrears.

Continuity of data

There have been no changes in the seizures recording mechanisms or processes over the time series shown in the analysis.

Concepts and definitions

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs with depressant and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. They are also known as tranquilisers. Benzodiazepines detected in this project include etizolam, flubromazepam, bromazolam, diazepam and flualprazolam.

Cocaine

Cocaine is a short-lasting stimulant drug that increases heart rate and breathing. This group includes powder cocaine and crack cocaine.

Gabapentinoids

Gabapentinoids are a group of drugs with depressant and painkilling effects.

Opioids

Opioid drugs act on opioid receptors to produce sedative and painkilling effects. They are respiratory depressants (reduce heart rate and breathing). Opioids include synthetic (lab-made) drugs such as methadone and opiates (drugs made from opium) such as heroin. Opioids detected in this project include buprenorphine, heroin, tramadol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, metonitazene, oxycodone and methadone.

Synthetic cannabinoids

'Synthetic cannabinoids' is a term used to describe over 200 lab-made drugs that interact with the endocannabinoid system.

Completeness

Data is provided to PHS by the LCRFS. LCRFS does not analyse all seizures from the SPS. However, LCRFS data is a sizeable subset of all national prison seizures.

Value type and unit of measurement

Percentage of drug seizures analysed by the LRCFS by drug type and sample type (card, paper, powder or tablet).

Description

This indicator provides information on specialist drug treatment referrals in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Public Health Scotland – Drug and Alcohol Information System (DAISy) and Drug and Alcohol Treatment Waiting Times (DATWT) database

Date that data were acquired

5 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

21 August 2023 to 19 November 2023, approximately two months in arrears.

Continuity of data

These data have been extracted from the Drug and Alcohol Information System (DAISy) and its predecessor, the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Waiting Times (DATWT) database. DAISy was available in all NHS boards from April 2021.

DAISy introduced a new way of recording referrals, a continuation of care process which affects how referrals are recorded when people have started treatment and move from one service to another without a break or change in their treatment (for instance, when moving between community-based and prison-based services). The number of referrals remain comparable between DATWT and DAISy, but how waits are recorded against the initial and receiving services has changed for referrals transferred by the continuation of care process. These data report on the number of referrals rather than waits so the new continuation of care process should not impact the number of referrals.

DAISy introduced an additional 'co-dependency' service user type, where the referral relates to treatment for both drug and alcohol use. Co-dependency has only been recorded since the introduction of DAISy (April 2021) so is not available as a separate client type in the DATWT database. These data report the number of referrals where the service user type is recorded as either 'drugs' or 'co-dependency' in DAISy and as 'drugs' in DATWT.

Concepts and definitions

These data relate to the number of referrals to specialist drug and alcohol treatment services in Scotland delivering tier 3 and 4 interventions (community-based specialised drug assessment and co-ordinated care-planned treatment, and residential specialised drug treatment). These data are for community-based drug and alcohol treatment services and exclude prison-based and hospital-based services.

Completeness

Drug and alcohol treatment services are required to submit accurate and up-to-date waiting times information to PHS. These referrals data are management information and includes all services that enter data on DAISy and its predecessor, the DATWT database. This contrasts with the figures reported in the 'National drug and alcohol treatment waiting times' statistics release for Scotland where data from services that were unable to confirm their data were accurate and up-to-date within specified timescales are excluded. Further details can be found in the data quality section of the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Waiting Times dashboard.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of specialist drug treatment referrals and moving averages.

Description

This indicator provides information on opioid substitution therapy prescribing in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Public Health Scotland – Prescribing Information System (PIS) and Hospital Medicines Utilisation Database (HMUD)

Date that data were acquired

5 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

1 April 2021 to 30 June 2023.

Data from the PIS are available approximately three months in arrears.

HMUD data availability can vary by NHS board. However, the injectable buprenorphine data shown in this release are considered complete.

Continuity of data

The data shown are considered to provide a comprehensive account of OST prescribing for the time series presented, including data from GP and hospital prescribing systems.

OST prescribing data for the period from July to September 2023 have been delayed due to issues affecting PIS. We anticipate that updated data should be available for the next release of this report in April 2024.

Concepts and definitions

Defined daily dose

When comparing use between medicines and over time it is common to use World Health Organization (WHO) defined daily doses (DDDs). The DDD is defined as the usual average daily maintenance dose used in adults for the main therapeutic use of the medicine. The WHO DDD is a global average and may not be representative of the doses used in clinical practice at a more local level.

Average daily quantity

Due to differences between the average OST doses used in Scotland and the rest of the world, the analysis presented here is based on average daily quantities (ADQs). These are more representative of the daily maintenance doses used within Scotland and were developed via analysis of prescriptions and by consultation with the Specialist Pharmacists in Substance Misuse group. The ADQs agreed are:

• methadone (oral): 65 mg
• buprenorphine (oral): 13 mg
• buprenorphine (injection): 3.4 mg

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is a synthetic partial opioid agonist used to treat acute pain, chronic pain and opioid dependence. Prescribed for daily use (oral) or weekly or monthly prolonged release (injectable), buprenorphine relieves opioid cravings and withdrawal symptoms and blocks the effects of other opioids. As with other opioids, buprenorphine can result in sedation, respiratory depression and death. These statistics relate to the prescribing of oral (2 mg, 8 mg and 16 mg buprenorphine or buprenorphine and naloxone tablets) and injectable buprenorphine (various strengths) for the treatment of opioid dependence.

Opioids

Opioid drugs act on opioid receptors to produce sedative and painkilling effects. They are respiratory depressants (reduce heart rate and breathing). Opioids include synthetic (lab-made) drugs such as methadone and buprenorphine, as well as opiates (drugs made from opium) such as heroin and morphine.

Methadone

Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist used to treat chronic pain and opioid dependence. Prescribed for daily use, methadone relieves opioid cravings and withdrawal symptoms. As with other opioids, methadone can result in sedation, respiratory depression and death. These statistics include data on the prescribing of methadone 1mg/1ml solution for the treatment of opioid dependence.

Accuracy

There are differences between community prescribing data from the Prescribing Information System (PIS) and hospital prescribing data from the Hospital Medicines Utilisation Database (HMUD) in the way that dates are allocated to medications supplied. The basis for date allocation in PIS data is the month in which the costs associated with dispensing medication were reimbursed. The basis for date allocation in HMUD data is the month in which medications were supplied to the NHS board for onward administration to patients. While useful to note, these differences are not thought to have a significant impact on the reliability of this analysis.

For the 2022/23 Q3 and Q4 reports, there were revisions to the injectable buprenorphine data, which means that the number of ADQ doses associated with that medication from April 2022 onwards was slightly higher than shown in previous reports. These changes were associated with the addition of data on Buvidal 160mg/0.45ml prolonged release injections to the PIS data extract in 2022/23 Q3 and to the HMUD data extract in 2022/23 Q4.

Completeness

The data shown are considered to provide a comprehensive account of OST prescribing for the time series presented, including data from GP and hospital prescribing systems.

Value type and unit of measurement

Total number of ADQ doses of methadone, oral buprenorphine and injectable buprenorphine supplied in Scotland, based on community and hospital prescribing data.

Description

This indicator provides information on injecting equipment provision (IEP) in Scotland.

Data source(s)

Needle Exchange Online (neo360)

Date that data were acquired

5 December 2023

Timeframe of data and timeliness

5 July 2021 to 1 October 2023, approximately three months in arrears.

Continuity of data

Caution is recommended when interpreting these statistics. Service provision in some areas has changed over time. Some outlets will have closed, and others will have opened.

The methods used by areas to count or estimate some of the figures may also have changed.

Concepts and definitions

Transactions

A transaction is an episode in which a client received equipment relating to an injecting episode (i.e. a barrel and/or fixed needle and syringe). People who inject drugs may attend IEP outlets at any time, whether or not they are undertaking specialist treatment for problematic drug use.

Further details can be found in the PHS Injecting Equipment Provision in Scotland report.

Completeness

This indicator includes data on transactions and needle and syringe distribution by injecting equipment providers in mainland Scotland NHS boards.

It does not include data for NHS Shetland, NHS Orkney and NHS Western Isles.

The 11 mainland NHS boards use neo360 routinely, but due to missing data for part of the time period presented, NHS Highland is excluded from the transaction data, and both NHS Fife and NHS Highland are excluded from the needle and syringe, and ratio figures.

Value type and unit of measurement

Number of IEP transactions, number of needles and syringes distributed, the ratio of the number of needles and syringes per IEP transaction and moving averages.